Yes, Jihad fulfills our purpose as God’s vicegerents [khalifa] on earth. First, who is Allah’s ‘vicegerent’ (successive authority)?

“…when your Lord said to the angels, ‘I shall place upon the earth a viceregent [khalifa] …

…And He [Allah] taught Adam … 

…and when He said to the angels, ‘Prostrate before Adam!’…    

…and We said, ‘Oh Adam. Dwell —you and your wife— … but do not…  …lest you become one of the oppressors …

Then Adam received from his Lord words [of guidance] and He [Allah] turned to him [with mercy].. ”   Sûrah Al-Baqarah, 2:30- 37]

How does man fulfill his own purpose as earth’s vicegerent, given him by Allah?

“[We said to him], ‘O David.  Surely We have made you Our representative [khalifa] upon the earth, so judge between the people with justice, and do not follow [your own] desire,  as it will cause you to stray from the Way of Allah… “  [Sûrah Ṣâd, 38:26]

In this context, what is Jihad for Muslims today? Jihad is an Arabic word that means ‘struggle, resisting, or striving’; it does not mean “fight” or “war.” The Arabic word for fight is Qitâl and for war is Ḥarb.  Of course, you need to struggle, strive and resist your desires to live your life for a purpose. But how many have found it is very easy to waste their life in games and staying late night in bars drinking beer, watching sports, not working —and to depend on others to provide for you.

Spiritual Jihad

There are two different types of jihad. The first type of jihad is the greater jihad which is an inner spiritual struggle.  Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) explained this type of jihad when he told his companions after a war:

On the authority of Jabir:

 “We came from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad.” They asked him: “What is the greater jihad?” He said: “The struggle against oneself.” (Kitab Al-Zuhd of Al-Bayhâqî – graded Da’îf / Weak in chain of transmission; mentioned also by Al-^CIrâqî, Al-Ghazâlî, and by Al-Suyûṭî on the authority of Ibn Hajar)

The greater jihad is to learn patience and self-control, and is to manage your desires, emotions, and conflicts, instead of letting your desires lead you, as if an animal. By this type of jihad, you can clean your inner soul and transfer it from the soul that is prone to evil to become a reassured soul.

The first time you smoked a cigarette, your body was clean and pure —so it did not like smoking and resisted it by coughing. But you forced it to accept this unnatural invasion of your lungs to prove that you were not a child. Step by step, your body accepted smoking and later you became addicted; so even if you would change your mind later and want to quit, your body would not just refuse. Rather, it would persist in ‘wanting’ to smoke.  Why? Because you spoiled it. That is how the sin affects your spirit, soul and body. It is normal to commit a sin, but it is not normal to continue in it. You need to clean yourself by repentance after every time you commit a sin. It is exactly like washing a pan after every time you cook in, to remove the black layer. Try to imagine if you never washed this pan but continued to cook in it. Do not wait until the impacts of the sins accumulate on your heart as heavy layers and block its normal function.

If you take a wrong train, try to exit at the first station; because the longer the distance you continue, the more expensive the return. It is the same thing if you take the train of sin. Although God is Forgiving and Merciful, it will be more difficult for you to quit a sin that you are addicted to.

It is a spiritual journey when you try to purify and clean your mind, heart, and soul from the effect of the sin —by repentance— seeking to return back to God’s original design. This journey is a goal, not the destination; because you will never reach it. You will never be perfect. You will never be God. However, you should try to reach the destination, even though you will never perfectly reach it. However, it is better to die on this path,. struggling to reach the destination, than never to take the path at all.

Actually, all the Islamic acts of worship are just exercises in patience to achieve your purpose, empower you and prepare you to play your role as a successive authority / viceregent (khalifa) of God. For example, we resist our laziness when we pray, and we fight our selfishness and greed when we give in Charity. In addition, Fasting is a very good tool that can help you in your inner spiritual struggle. We resist our desire for food and drink, we tolerate hunger and thirst and wait patiently until the time God made for us to eat. Prophet Muhammad considered the act of worship as Jihad because all the acts of worship need a struggle to be performed properly.

Narrated `Aisha:

[That she said], “O God’s Messenger ﷺ  ! We consider Jihad as the best deed. Should we [women] not fight in Allah’s Cause?” He said, “The best Jihad is Hajj-Mabrur [i.e. Hajj which is done according to the Prophet’s tradition and is accepted by Allah]. (Saḥîḥ Al-Bukhârî 2784)

Verbal Jihad

The second type of jihad is the lesser jihad, which is an outer struggle against the enemies of Muslims, which may take a physical and violent form (war) or a verbal and non-violent form (advice). Accordingly, Islam considers your struggle against your own soul to be greater than your struggle against your enemies! (Figure 1 portrays the differences among the three types of Jihad).

Non-violent jihad, in our modern terms, is the diplomatic way to solve problems. Prophet Muhammad referred to it:

It was narrated from Tariq bin Shihab that:

A man asked the Prophet, when he had put his foot in the stirrup: “Which kind of Jihad is best?'” He said: “a word of truth spoken before an unjust ruler.”  (Sunan Al-Nasâ’i 4209 – Graded Ḥasan [Darussalam])

Islam does not accept oppression, aggression or persecution. It does not support dictatorship, and it requires Muslims to have a duty of holding the ruler to account. It is a sin when you wrong yourself and accept living under oppression without any quality of life without rights. So if you are weak and cannot fight for your life, the Quran encourages you to move to another land where you can have the kind of life that God honors and meant for you to have as a human being.

Military Jihad

When we study the Prophet Muhammad’s life, we learn how to deal with aggression as Muslims. The Meccans denied Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), mocked him and called him a sorcerer, a poet, insane, etc. They hit him until he was bleeding. They killed his Companions and tried to kill him. They forced him to leave his homeland, and they fought against him through psychological and physical wars, just to prevent him from practicing his religion. So what was his reaction? Actually, his reactions were gradual:

• His first reaction was Spiritual Jihad. He practiced the strategies of non-resistance, which is non-violent, passive or civil resistance. He responded to their violence by patience and forgiveness. He even refused to ask God to take revenge for him. Instead, he supplicated to God to forgive and guide them. In addition, he asked his Companions to do the same.
• His second reaction was Verbal Jihad. He tried to explain his beliefs and emphasized freedom of religion:

“For you is your religion, and for me is my religion.” [Sûrah Al-Kâfirûn, 109:6]

• His third reaction was moving to Medina to be free and safe, where he could practice his faith. It was there that he built the first Islamic constitutional state.
• His fourth reaction was military Jihad. It was only when they attacked the state that he had built in Medina that he fought them back.
• His fifth reaction was Spiritual Jihad When he had won the war, he forgave his enemies and did not take revenge on them.

Violent jihad is the military fight in a war that is declared and conducted by a government, not by individuals. That is why Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) did not fight the Meccans back, until he had first moved to Medina and built his Islamic constitutional government.

We can look at these three different types of Jihad as three gradual stages, as Table 2 portrays. Only gradually can jihad  become possible, because you need to succeed in fighting against yourself first before you think to fight against the oppression or aggression of others; you cannot beat your enemy before beating the rough edges of yourself first.

To be continued in Part 2…